Reddit reply in r/AcademicQuran: what is the reason for the koran to deny jesuss — July 27, 2024 | Ali Shukri Amin

I think it's interesting to note that consensus on the crucifixtion and resurrection of Jesus happened over time. The doctrine clearly existed early on, but so did some competing ones. Someone who's more learned in Biblical history and Christian theology can chime in.

Bart Ehrman,

"According to Basilides, since Christ was a divine being, he had all sorts of divine powers. And he used them when it came time for him to be crucified. What he did was pull an identity switch. He transformed Simon of Cyrene, who was carrying his cross, to make him look like him, Jesus, and he transformed himself, Jesus, into the appearance of Simon of Cyrene. And so, when they arrived at the place of crucifixion, the Romans crucified the wrong man. And Jesus stood beside the cross laughing."

For example, an early group of Christian Jews, the Ebionites, believed Jesus was crucified as essentially a human Jewish Prophet and a martyr - but denied the resurrection or that Jesus died for anyone's sins.

The crucifixtion seems to have been problematic for the early Christians as the Torah states,

לֹא־תָלִ֨ין נִבְלָת֜וֹ עַל־הָעֵ֗ץ כִּֽי־קָב֤וֹר תִּקְבְּרֶ֙נּוּ֙ בַּיּ֣וֹם הַה֔וּא כִּֽי־קִלְלַ֥ת אֱלֹהִ֖ים תָּל֑וּי וְלֹ֤א תְטַמֵּא֙ אֶת־אַדְמָ֣תְךָ֔ אֲשֶׁר֙ יְהֹוָ֣ה אֱלֹהֶ֔יךָ נֹתֵ֥ן לְךָ֖ נַחֲלָֽה׃ {ס}

you must not let the corpse remain on the stake overnight, but must bury it the same day. For an impaled body is an affront to God: you shall not defile the land that your God יהוה is giving you to possess

Due to this, Paul writes in Galatians,

"For all who rely on the works of the law are under a curse, as it is written: “Cursed is everyone who does not continue to do everything written in the Book of the Law.” 11 Clearly no one who relies on the law is justified before God, because “the righteous will live by faith.” 12 The law is not based on faith; on the contrary, it says, “The person who does these things will live by them.” 13 Christ redeemed us from the curse of the law by becoming a curse for us, for it is written: “Cursed is everyone who is hung on a pole.”14 He redeemed us in order that the blessing given to Abraham might come to the Gentiles through Christ Jesus, so that by faith we might receive the promise of the Spirit."

Traditional Islamic doctrine on this issue seems to agree with the Ebionite concept of a human Jewish prophet while denying the crucifixtion, like the Basilides (while denying the divinity of Christ). Revisionist scholarship that claims the Quran doesn't deny the crucifixtion or resurrection has to overcome the apparent facial meaning of the texts,

An-Nisa' 4:157

وَقَوْلِهِمْ إِنَّا قَتَلْنَا ٱلْمَسِيحَ عِيسَى ٱبْنَ مَرْيَمَ رَسُولَ ٱللَّهِ وَمَا قَتَلُوهُ وَمَا صَلَبُوهُ وَلَٰكِن شُبِّهَ لَهُمْۚ وَإِنَّ ٱلَّذِينَ ٱخْتَلَفُوا۟ فِيهِ لَفِى شَكٍّ مِّنْهُۚ مَا لَهُم بِهِۦ مِنْ عِلْمٍ إِلَّا ٱتِّبَاعَ ٱلظَّنِّۚ وَمَا قَتَلُوهُ يَقِينًۢا

And [for] their saying, "Indeed, we have killed the Messiah, Jesus the son of Mary, the messenger of Allāh." And they did not kill him, nor did they crucify him; but [another] was made to resemble him to them. And indeed, those who differ over it are in doubt about it. They have no knowledge of it except the following of assumption. And they did not kill him, for certain.[1]

It is unclear to me that there was consensus at this time among Christians as to the killing and resurrection of Jesus. I could certainly just be ignorant of the development of church doctrine in this regard, though.